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Therefore, receiving instrumental and emotional support from their spouses is essential for maintaining a healthy work-life balance. In fact, recent studies have highlighted that support from their families enables nurses to effectively manage the demands of both their family and work spheres, facilitating their re-entry into professional practice [28, 35]. The successful sharing of household responsibilities and childcare is indispensable for returners who aspire to continue their professional work, particularly those with young children. Semi-structured interviews (see Table 1 for the interview guide) were conducted face-to-face or online, between November 2021 and July 2022. The interview guide was developed based on the research purpose and the review of existing literature. The first author conducted all interviews because her 16-year career hiatus from nursing for child-rearing would help her establish a mutually respectful relationship with the participants and foster an environment free from intimidation.
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Descriptive research design uses a range of both qualitative research and quantitative data (although quantitative research is the primary research method) to gather information to make accurate predictions about a particular problem or hypothesis. Using descriptive research you can identify patterns in the characteristics of a group to essentially establish everything you need to understand apart from why something has happened. Ecological (also sometimes called as correlational) study design involves looking for association between an exposure and an outcome across populations rather than in individuals. For instance, a study in the United States found a relation between household firearm ownership in various states and the firearm death rates during the period 2007–2010.[9] Thus, in this study, the unit of assessment was a state and not an individual. Let us look at a study that was aimed to assess the prevalence of myopia among Indian children.[7] In this study, trained health workers visited schools in Delhi and tested visual acuity in all children studying in classes 1–9. Of the 9884 children screened, 1297 (13.1%) had myopia (defined as spherical refractive error of −0.50 diopters (D) or worse in either or both eyes), and the mean myopic error was −1.86 ± 1.4 D.
Aims
Descriptive research design is a scientific method which involves observing and describing the behavior of a subject without influencing it in any way. Cause-and-effect correlations also can’t be established through descriptive investigations. Additionally, observational study findings cannot be replicated, which prevents a review of the findings and their replication.
How does descriptive research compare to qualitative research?
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Cross-sectional studies provide a glimpse of a phenomenon’s prevalence and features in a population. There are no ethical challenges with them and they are quite simple and inexpensive to carry out. You can further dissect descriptive research’s outcomes and use them for different types of investigation.
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The descriptive method of research cannot be used to test or verify the research problem as the data collected does not help explain the cause of the phenomena being studied. Results obtained through the descriptive method of research often have high external validity as research is conducted in the respondent’s natural environment and no variables are manipulated. Descriptive research often uses quantitative and qualitative research in amalgamation, providing a more holistic understanding of the research topic.
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Cannot test or verify the research question
Palinkas et al. (2015) describe maximum variation sampling as identifying shared patterns that emerge from heterogeneity. In other words, researchers attempt to include a wide range of participants and experiences when collecting data. This may be more difficult to achieve in areas where little is known about the substantive area and may depend on the researcher’s knowledge and immersion within the subject area.
To define the characteristics of subjects
Reclaiming a sense of pride and expanding their professional network through contributions to society represented profoundly fulfilling experiences for the participants. These experiences not only brought them joy in their work but also transcended the mere facilitation of work continuation. Consequently, “Pride in reconnecting with and contributing to society” operated as a potent motivator, driving their commitment to pursue their professional careers and advance, thus enriching their professional life.
Data collection methods in qualitative descriptive research are diverse and aim to discover the who, what and where of phenomena (Sandelowski, 2000). Although semi-structured individual face-to-face interviews are the most commonly used data collection approaches (Kim et al., 2017), focus groups, telephone interviews and online approaches are also used. This descriptive research method involves observing and gathering data on a population or phenomena without manipulating variables. It is employed in psychology, market research, and other social science studies to track and understand human behavior. The available study designs are divided broadly into two types – observational and interventional. It allows the researcher to study and describe the distribution of one or more variables, without regard to any causal or other hypotheses.
The case study method involves the in-depth research of individuals or groups of individuals. Case studies involve gathering detailed data on a narrowly defined subject rather than gathering a large volume of data to identify correlations and patterns. The descriptive research design involves using a range of qualitative and quantitative research methods to collect data that aids in accurately describing a research problem. As with any research study, the application of descriptive methods will emerge in response to the aims and objectives, which will influence the sampling, data collection and analysis phases of the study. Case study research is a type of descriptive research that focuses on a single individual, group, or event. It involves collecting detailed information on the subject through a variety of methods, including interviews, observations, and examination of documents.
Before going into the differences between descriptive and correlation research, we need to have a proper understanding of what correlation research is about. Qualitative observation, on the other hand, involves the monitoring of characteristics and not the measurement of numbers. The researcher makes his observation from a distance, records it, and is used to inform conclusions. Quantitative observation involved the objective collection of numerical data, whose results can be analyzed using numerical and statistical methods. Descriptive research is conducted over some time to ascertain the changes observed at each point in time.
However, it should be noted that despite the expressed intentions, many inactive nurses have faced challenges in returning to practice as well as in sustaining their employment [25]. Consequently, previous research findings have indicated that only 57–69% of nurses who completed the Return to Practice Program were able to successfully re-enter the nursing workforce [26]. In fact, the findings from a small-scale survey conducted in Japan revealed that 25% of nurses who participated in refresher programs and returned to work were unable to sustain their employment [32].
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